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Thirteen Radiant Forms of Goddess Kali in Tantraloka: Abhinava Gupta’s Kashmiri Vision

This exploration presents the thirteen forms of Goddess Kali in Abhinava Gupta’s Tantraloka as a living contemplative map within Kashmir Shaivism. Rather than a fixed list, these forms serve as dynamic lenses that refine attention, transmute fear, and reveal the liberating vastness of Shakti. The discussion situates Kali within Trika and Kaula streams while acknowledging…